Clipperton Island

Clipperton Island is an uninhabited coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean, the only French possession in the North Pacific. It lies 1,080 km southwest of Mexico, 2,500 km from the nearest French territory (French Polynesia), and 5,400 km from France.

The island's stagnant acidic lagoon surrounded by coral reef

The atoll consists of a ring of coral reef enclosing a stagnant, acidic lagoon. A single rock outcrop—"Clipperton Rock" at 29 meters—is the only high ground. The rest barely rises above sea level. No trees grow; vegetation is limited to grasses and low shrubs.

There is no permanent population and no infrastructure. France occasionally sends military or scientific expeditions. Landing is difficult due to the reef and lack of harbor. The island is primarily significant for its Exclusive Economic Zone (435,000 km²) and potential mineral rights.

The island is named after the English pirate and privateer John Clipperton, who used the atoll as a hideout in the early 18th century. The island has been claimed by France since 1858, though it was also claimed by Mexico. An international arbitration in 1931 awarded sovereignty to France.

Clipperton Rock - the island's only elevation at 29 meters

The island's most notorious chapter occurred between 1914-1917 when a group of Mexican guano miners were stranded after supply ships stopped arriving during the Mexican Revolution. Most died from scurvy; the lighthouse keeper went mad and declared himself king, murdering several survivors before the last women and children were rescued by a passing U.S. Navy ship in 1917.

The Hazara people of the central highlands, with their distinctive Mongolian features, trace their ancestry to the armies of Genghis Khan. The Tajiks of the northeast speak Dari, a form of Persian, while the southern Pashtuns follow ancient tribal codes of honor and hospitality known as Pashtunwali.

Today, Clipperton Island remains uninhabited with no infrastructure. France occasionally sends scientific expeditions to study the unique ecosystem and maintain its territorial claim. The island is primarily valued for its Exclusive Economic Zone of 435,000 km² and potential mineral rights in the surrounding waters.

Clipperton Island is a small coral atoll covering just 6 square kilometers of land with an additional 12 km² lagoon. The atoll consists of a ring of coral reef barely rising above sea level, enclosing a stagnant, highly acidic lagoon that has a pH of 4.3—making it one of the world's most acidic bodies of water.

World's largest masked booby colony nesting on the atoll

Clipperton Rock

The only elevation on the island is Clipperton Rock, a volcanic outcrop rising just 29 meters above sea level on the southeast corner of the atoll. This is the island's highest point and the only place offering a view across the entire atoll.

Vegetation

No trees grow on Clipperton Island. Vegetation is extremely limited, consisting primarily of low grasses and shrubs adapted to the harsh environment. The coral substrate and lack of freshwater make it impossible for most plants to survive.

Wildlife

Despite its barren appearance, Clipperton hosts the world's largest masked booby colony, along with brown booby and red-footed booby populations. The island is a significant seabird breeding site. Unfortunately, introduced rats and pigs have become problems for nesting birds. The lagoon contains the endemic Clipperton angelfish, found nowhere else on Earth.

Clipperton Island's most notorious chapter occurred between 1914 and 1917, a harrowing tale of survival, madness, and murder that remains one of the Pacific's darkest stories.

The Guano Mining Colony

In the early 1900s, Mexico established a small guano mining settlement on the island, extracting bird droppings for use as fertilizer. A group of workers and their families lived on the isolated atoll, dependent on regular supply ships from the mainland.

Abandoned During Revolution

When the Mexican Revolution erupted in 1910, the government's attention turned inward. Supply ships stopped coming. By 1914, the isolated colonists were completely cut off from the outside world, with no means of communication or escape.

Scurvy and Death

Without fresh supplies, the colonists began dying of scurvy and other diseases. The men died first, leaving only women, children, and the lighthouse keeper—a man named Victoriano Álvarez.

The Lighthouse Keeper's Madness

Álvarez, as the last surviving adult male, declared himself "King of Clipperton." He became increasingly violent and mentally unstable, terrorizing the surviving women and murdering several of them. His reign of terror lasted until 1917, when one of the women, Tirza Rendón, killed him with a hammer.

Rescue

On July 18, 1917, the USS Yorktown happened upon the island and rescued the last four survivors—three women and several children. They had endured nearly three years of isolation, starvation, and horror.

Despite its barren appearance and harsh conditions, Clipperton Island hosts remarkable wildlife, particularly seabirds that have made this remote atoll their breeding ground.

Seabird Colonies

Clipperton is home to the world's largest masked booby colony, with tens of thousands of breeding pairs. The island also supports significant populations of brown boobies and red-footed boobies, making it one of the most important seabird breeding sites in the eastern Pacific.

Marine Life

The lagoon and surrounding waters contain the endemic Clipperton angelfish (Holacanthus limbaughi), a species found nowhere else on Earth. The coral reef ecosystem supports various fish species, sharks, and manta rays.

Invasive Species

Unfortunately, introduced rats and pigs have become serious problems for nesting birds. These invasive species prey on eggs and chicks, threatening the island's unique ecosystem. Conservation efforts have attempted to address this issue with limited success.

Land Crabs

The island is famous for its enormous population of orange land crabs (Gecarcinus planatus), which cover the ground in such numbers that walking becomes difficult. These crabs play a crucial role in the island's ecosystem.

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🍜 Cuisine

This remote French coral atoll in the Eastern Pacific has no permanent population, yet its waters teem with life that sustained brief human settlements throughout history. The tragic 1917 lighthouse keepers and the occasional scientific expeditions relied on the abundant tuna, coconut crabs, and seabirds. These recipes honor that maritime survival heritage while drawing on French Polynesian traditions from the broader Pacific French territories. They represent what resourceful cooks might prepare with the island's natural bounty and basic provisions from passing ships.

Poisson Cru Pacifique

Pacific Raw Fish Salad

Fresh tuna marinated in lime and coconut milk — the classic preparation of Pacific island fishermen.

Ingredients: 500g fresh tuna (sashimi grade), 4 limes juiced, 200ml coconut milk, 1 cucumber, 2 tomatoes, 1 small onion, Salt, Fresh coconut shavings.

Preparation: Cut tuna into 2cm cubes. Toss with lime juice and salt, refrigerate 30 minutes until fish turns opaque. Drain excess lime. Dice cucumber, tomatoes, and onion finely. Combine fish with vegetables, pour coconut milk over all, toss gently. Garnish with fresh coconut. Serve immediately while still cold.

💡 Use only the freshest fish. The lime "cooks" the exterior while keeping the center silky. Adjust lime time for your preferred texture.

Grilled Coconut Crab

Island Crab with Garlic Butter

The magnificent coconut crab, grilled simply with butter and herbs — a delicacy of remote Pacific atolls.

Ingredients: 1 coconut crab (or substitute large crab), 100g butter, 4 cloves garlic, Fresh parsley, Lime juice, Salt, Pepper, Crusty bread.

Preparation: Humanely dispatch and clean the crab. Split in half lengthwise. Melt butter with minced garlic, parsley, lime juice, salt, and pepper. Brush crab generously with garlic butter. Grill shell-side down over medium coals for 10-12 minutes, basting frequently. Flesh is done when opaque and easily flakes. Serve with remaining butter for dipping and crusty bread.

💡 Note: True coconut crabs are protected in many areas. Substitute any large crab for this preparation — the garlic butter technique works beautifully with all varieties.

Coconut Cream Dessert

Simple Island Sweet

Fresh coconut transformed into a simple, satisfying dessert — requiring only what a remote island provides.

Ingredients: 2 fresh coconuts, 60ml sugar or honey, 1 lime zested and juiced, Pinch of salt, Toasted coconut flakes.

Preparation: Extract coconut water and set aside for drinking. Scrape out fresh coconut meat. Blend meat with just enough coconut water to make thick cream. Sweeten with sugar or honey, add lime zest, juice, and salt. Chill well. Serve in coconut shell halves, topped with toasted coconut flakes.

💡 If fresh coconuts are unavailable, combine quality canned coconut cream with fresh lime for a similar result.

Access to Clipperton Island is strictly restricted. The island is French state property, and unauthorized visits are prohibited.

No Tourism

There are no tourist facilities, no regular transportation, and no accommodation. The island has no harbor, making landing extremely difficult and dangerous due to the surrounding reef.

Scientific Expeditions

France occasionally sends military or scientific expeditions to the island. These visits are typically brief and focused on environmental research, maintaining French sovereignty, or studying the unique ecosystem.

Amateur Radio

Clipperton Island is highly sought after by amateur radio operators (ham radio) as it is one of the rarest "entities" for the DXCC award. Occasional licensed expeditions visit the island specifically for radio operations.

Strategic Importance

The island's primary value to France lies in its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 435,000 km²—larger than Germany—which grants fishing and mineral rights over a vast area of the Pacific Ocean.